the-book-of-secret-knowledge
Last updated
Last updated
"Knowledge is powerful, be careful how you use it!"
A collection of inspiring lists, manuals, cheatsheets, blogs, hacks, one-liners, cli/web tools and more.
This list is a collection of various materials that I use every day in my work. It contains a lot of useful information gathered in one piece.
This collection is suitable for everyone. It is aimed towards System and Network administrators, DevOps, Pentesters and Security Researchers.
If you find something which doesn't make sense, or something doesn't seem right, please make a pull request and please add valid and well-reasoned explanations about your changes or comments.
A few simple rules for this project:
inviting and clear
not tiring
useful
These below rules may be better:
easy to contribute to (Markdown + HTML ...)
easy to find (simple TOC, maybe it's worth extending them?)
Url marked * is temporary unavailable. Please don't delete it without confirming that it has permanently expired.
If this project is useful and important for you or if you really like the-book-of-secret-knowledge, you can bring positive energy by giving some good words or supporting this project. Thank you!
Only main chapters:
Build your own DNS Servers
Build your own Certificate Authority
Build your own System/Virtual Machine
DNS Servers list (privacy)
IP
URL
84.200.69.80
94.247.43.254
64.6.64.6
89.233.43.71
1.1.1.1
94.130.110.185
TOP Browser extensions
Extension name
Description
IPvFoo
Display the server IP address and HTTPS information across all page elements.
FoxyProxy
Simplifies configuring browsers to access proxy-servers.
HTTPS Everywhere
Automatically use HTTPS security on many sites.
uMatrix
Point & click to forbid/allow any class of requests made by your browser.
uBlock Origin
An efficient blocker: easy on memory and CPU footprint.
Session Buddy
Manage browser tabs and bookmarks with ease.
SuperSorter
Sort bookmarks recursively, delete duplicates, merge folders and more.
Clear Cache
Clear your cache and browsing data.
d3coder
Encoding/Decoding plugin for various types of encoding.
Web Developer
Adds a toolbar button with various web developer tools.
ThreatPinch Lookup
Add threat intelligence hover tool tips.
TOP Burp extensions
Extension name
Description
Autorize
Automatically detects authorization enforcement.
Reflection
An efficient blocker: easy on memory and CPU footprint.
Logger++
Logs requests and responses for all Burp tools in a sortable table.
Bypass WAF
Adds headers useful for bypassing some WAF devices.
JSON Beautifier
Beautifies JSON content in the HTTP message viewer.
JSON Web Tokens
Enables Burp to decode and manipulate JSON web tokens.
CSP Auditor
Displays CSP headers for responses, and passively reports CSP weaknesses.
CSP-Bypass
Passively scans for CSP headers that contain known bypasses..
Hackvertor
Converts data using a tag-based configuration to apply various encoding.
Active Scan++
Extends Burp's active and passive scanning capabilities.
HTML5 Auditor
Scans for usage of risky HTML5 features.
Software Vulnerability Scanner
Software vulnerability scanner based on Vulners.com audit API.
Table of Contents
System
Reload shell without exit
Close shell keeping all subprocess running
Exit without saving shell history
Perform a branching conditional
Pipe stdout and stderr to separate commands
Redirect stdout and stderr each to separate files and print both to the screen
List of commands you use most often
Quickly backup a file
Empty a file (truncate to 0 size)
Delete all files in a folder that don't match a certain file extension
Pass multi-line string to a file
Edit a file on a remote host using vim
Create a directory and change into it at the same time
Convert uppercase files to lowercase files
Print a row of characters across the terminal
Show shell history without line numbers
Run command(s) after exit session
Generate a sequence of numbers
Mount a temporary ram partition
-t - filesystem type
-o - mount options
Remount a filesystem as read/write
Kills a process that is locking a file
Show what PID is listening on specific port
Show a 4-way scrollable process tree with full details
Processes per user counter
Find files that have been modified on your system in the past 60 minutes
Find all files larger than 20M
Find duplicate files (based on MD5 hash)
Change permission only for files
Change permission only for directories
Find files and directories for specific user
Find files and directories for all without specific user
Delete older files than 60 days
Recursively remove all empty sub-directories from a directory
How to find all hard links to a file
Recursively find the latest modified files
Recursively find/replace of a string with sed
Recursively find suid executables
Use top to monitor only all processes with the specific string
<str> - process containing str (eg. nginx, worker)
Track child process
Track process after 30 seconds
Track child process and redirect output to a file
Track the open request of a network port
Track the open request of a network port (show TCP/UDP)
Kill a process running on port
Compare two directory trees
Annotate tail -f with timestamps
Analyse an Apache access log for the most common IP addresses
Analyse web server log and show only 5xx http codes
System backup with exclude specific directories
System backup with exclude specific directories (pigz)
System backup to file
Restore system from lzo file
Limit the cpu usage of a process
Show current working directory of a process
Start a command on only one CPU core
Show directories in the PATH, one per line
Remove executable bit from all files in the current directory
Restore permission for /bin/chmod
Find last reboot time
Detect a user sudo-su'd into the current shell
Was the last reboot a panic?
Start screen in detached mode
Record and replay terminal session
Show 20 biggest directories with 'K M G'
Init tool everytime a file in a directory is modified
Testing connection to remote host
Testing connection to remote host (with SNI support)
Testing connection to remote host with specific ssl version
Testing connection to remote host with specific ssl cipher
Generate private key
Generate private key with passphrase
Remove passphrase from private key
Encrypt existing private key with a passphrase
Check private key
Get public key from private key
Generate private key + csr
Generate csr
Generate csr (metadata from exist certificate)
Generate csr with -config param
List available EC curves
Generate ECDSA private key
Print ECDSA private and public keys
Generate private key with csr (ECC)
Convert DER to PEM
Convert PEM to DER
Checking whether the private key and the certificate match
Secure delete with shred
Secure delete with scrub
Secure delete with badblocks
Secure delete with secure-delete
Show dd status every so often
Redirect output to a file with dd
Export public key
--export - export all keys from all keyrings or specific key
-a|--armor - create ASCII armored output
Encrypt file
-e|--encrypt - encrypt data
-r|--recipient - encrypt for specific
Decrypt file
-o|--output - use as output file
-d|--decrypt - decrypt data (default)
Search recipient
--keyserver - set specific key server
--search-keys - search for keys on a key server
Reboot system from init
Init system from single user mode
HTTP/HTTPS
-I - show response headers only
-k - insecure connection when using ssl
-s - silent mode (not display body)
--location - follow redirects
-X - set method
-A - set user-agent
--proxy [socks5://|http://] - set proxy server
Check DNS and HTTP trace with headers for specific domains
-p - print request and response headers
H - request headers
B - request body
h - response headers
b - response body
-F, --follow - follow redirects
--max-redirects N - maximum for --follow
--verify no - skip SSL verification
--proxy [http:] - set proxy server
Network
Escape Sequence
Compare a remote file with a local file
SSH connection through host in the middle
Run command over ssh on remote host
Get public key from private key
Get all fingerprints
Ssh authentication with user password
Ssh authentication with publickey
Simple recording SSH session
Using Keychain for SSH logins
SSH login without processing any login scripts
SSH local port forwarding
Example 1:
Example 2:
-n - redirects stdin from /dev/null
-N - do not execute a remote command
-T - disable pseudo-terminal allocation
SSH remote port forwarding
Testing remote connection to port
<proto - set protocol (tcp/udp)
<host> - set remote host
<port> - set destination port
Read and write to TCP or UDP sockets with common bash tools
-n - don't convert addresses (-nn will not resolve hostnames or ports)
-e - print the link-level headers
-i [iface|any] - set interface
-Q|-D [in|out|inout] - choose send/receive direction (-D - for old tcpdump versions)
host [ip|hostname] - set host, also [host not]
[and|or] - set logic
port [1-65535] - set port number, also [port not]
-c [num] - capture only num number of packets
-w [filename] - write packets to file, -r [filename] - reading from file
Capture all ICMP packets
Check protocol used (TCP or UDP) for service
Display ASCII text (to parse the output using grep or other)
Grab everything between two keywords
Grab user and pass ever plain http
Extract HTTP User Agent from HTTP request header
Capture only HTTP GET and POST packets
or simply:
Rotate capture files
-G <num> - pcap will be created every <num> seconds
-C <size> - close the current pcap and open a new one if is larger than <size>
Top hosts by packets
Analyse packets in real-time
-d [iface|any] - set interface
[domain] - set hostname
port [1-65535] - set port number
(host [ip|hostname]) - filter by ip or hostname
(port [1-65535]) - filter by port number
-q - quiet mode (only payloads)
-t - added timestamps
-O [filename] - save output to file, -I [filename] - reading from file
HTTP - show http headers
tcp|udp - set protocol
[src|dst] host [ip|hostname] - set direction for specific node
-l - stdout line buffered
-i - case-insensitive search
-V|--verbose - verbose mode
-p|--destport - set destination port
-s|--baseport - set source port
<scan_type> - set scan type
-F|--fin - set FIN flag, port open if no reply
-S|--syn - set SYN flag
-P|--push - set PUSH flag
-A|--ack - set ACK flag (use when ping is blocked, RST response back if the port is open)
-U|--urg - set URG flag
-Y|--ymas - set Y unused flag (0x80 - nullscan), port open if no reply
-M 0 -UPF - set TCP sequence number and scan type (URG+PUSH+FIN), port open if no reply
-c [num] - packet count
-1 - set ICMP mode
-C|--icmptype [icmp-num] - set icmp type (default icmp-echo = 8)
--flood - sent packets as fast as possible (don't show replies)
--rand-source - random source address mode
-d --data - data size
-w|--win - winsize (default 64)
Ping scans the network
Show only open ports
Full TCP port scan using with service version detection
Nmap scan and pass output to Nikto
Recon specific ip:service with Nmap NSE scripts stack
-l - listen for an incoming connection
-k - listening after client has disconnected
>filename.out - save receive data to file (optional)
< filename.in - send data to remote host
-v - verbose output
-z - scan for listening daemons
-u - scan only udp ports
Transfer data file (archive)
Launch remote shell
Simple file server
Simple minimal HTTP Server
Simple HTTP Server
Restarts web server after each request - remove
whilecondition for only single connection.
-p - port number
Simple HTTP Proxy (single connection)
Create a single-use TCP or UDP proxy
Testing connection to remote host (with SNI support)
Testing connection to remote host (without SNI support)
Testing remote connection to port
- - standard input (STDIO)
TCP4:<params> - set tcp4 connection with specific params
[hostname|ip] - set hostname/ip
[1-65535] - set port number
Redirecting TCP-traffic to a UNIX domain socket under Linux
TCP-LISTEN:<params> - set tcp listen with specific params
[1-65535] - set port number
bind=[hostname|ip] - set bind hostname/ip
reuseaddr - allows other sockets to bind to an address
fork - keeps the parent process attempting to produce more connections
su=nobody - set user
range=[ip-range] - ip range
UNIX-CLIENT:<params> - communicates with the specified peer socket
filename - define socket
Set iface in promiscuous mode and dump traffic to the log file
-i - listen on the specified interface
-p - set interface in promiscuous mode
-d - fork into background
-o - output file
Show process that use internet connection at the moment
Show process that use specific port number
Lists all listening ports together with the PID of the associated process
List all open ports and their owning executables
Show all open ports
Show open ports (LISTEN)
List all files opened by a particular command
View user activity per directory
Show 10 largest open files
Graph # of connections for each hosts
Monitor open connections for specific port including listen, count and sort it per IP
Rsync remote data as root using sudo
Resolves the domain name (using external dns server)
Checks the domain administrator (SOA record)
Resolves the domain name (short output)
Lookup NS record for specific domain
Query only answer section
Query ALL DNS Records
DNS Reverse Look-up
Generate multidomain certificate
Generate wildcard certificate
Generate certificate with 4096 bit private key
Get all subnets for specific AS (Autonomous system)
Resolves domain name from dns.google.com with curl and jq
Programming
Log alias for a decent view of your repo
Static HTTP web server
Static HTTP web server with SSL support
Encode base64
Decode base64
Remove duplicate entries in a file without sorting
Exclude multiple columns using AWK
Get the last hour of Apache logs
To print a specific line from a file
Remove a specific line from a file
Remove a range of lines from a file
Search for a "pattern" inside all files in the current directory
Remove blank lines from a file and save output to new file
Show only for multiple patterns
Except multiple patterns
Show data from file without comments
Show data from file without comments and new lines
Table of Contents
Domain resolve
Example:
Get ASN
Example:
Created by and
Before adding a pull request, please see the . All suggestions/PR are welcome!
CLI Tools
Shells
:small_orange_diamond: - the best framework for managing your Zsh configuration. :small_orange_diamond: - framework for using, developing and maintaining shell scripts and custom commands for your daily work. :small_orange_diamond: - the Fishshell framework.
Managers
:small_orange_diamond: - visual file manager, licensed under GNU General Public License. :small_orange_diamond: - full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal. :small_orange_diamond: - terminal multiplexer, lets you switch easily between several programs in one terminal. :small_orange_diamond: - sets a comfortable and easy to use functionality, clustering and synchronizing virtual tmux-sessions.
Text editors
:small_orange_diamond: - is one of the most common text editors on Unix. :small_orange_diamond: - is a highly configurable text editor. :small_orange_diamond: - an extensible, customizable, free/libre text editor - and more.
Network
:small_orange_diamond: - free and open source (license) utility for network discovery and security auditing. :small_orange_diamond: - the fastest Internet port scanner, spews SYN packets asynchronously. :small_orange_diamond: - faster and more efficient stateless SYN scanner and banner grabber. :small_orange_diamond: - command-line oriented TCP/IP packet assembler/analyzer. :small_orange_diamond: - functionality of the 'traceroute' and 'ping' programs in a single network diagnostic tool. :small_orange_diamond: - networking utility which reads and writes data across network connections, using the TCP/IP protocol. :small_orange_diamond: - powerful command-line packet analyzer. :small_orange_diamond: - dump and analyze network traffic (wireshark cli). :small_orange_diamond: - is like GNU grep applied to the network layer. :small_orange_diamond: - is a packet capture solution which aims to quickly spool all packets to disk. :small_orange_diamond: - monitoring and debugging tool to capture networking related statistics and prepare them visually. :small_orange_diamond: - is a console-based network monitoring program for Linux that displays information about IP traffic. :small_orange_diamond: - is a tool for active measurements of the maximum achievable bandwidth on IP networks. :small_orange_diamond: - is a Network Performance Measurement Tool for TCP, UDP & HTTP. :small_orange_diamond: - is a Linux CLI based Ethernet and MPLS traffic testing tool. :small_orange_diamond: - packet manipulation CLI tool; craft and inject packets of several protocols. :small_orange_diamond: - a mid-level packet manipulation library for Ruby. :small_orange_diamond: - packet manipulation library; forge, send, decode, capture packets of a wide number of protocols. :small_orange_diamond: - is a lightweight multi-protocol & multi-source command-line download utility.
Network (DNS)
:small_orange_diamond: - a DNS reconnaissance tool for locating non-contiguous IP space. :small_orange_diamond: - fast subdomains enumeration tool for penetration testers. :small_orange_diamond: - tool obtains subdomain names by scraping data sources, crawling web archives and more. :small_orange_diamond: - provides personalized DNS server recommendations based on your browsing history. :small_orange_diamond: - a flexible DNS proxy, with support for encrypted DNS protocols.
Network (HTTP)
:small_orange_diamond: - command line tool and library for transferring data with URLs. :small_orange_diamond: - is an alternative to the widely popular curl program, written in Golang. :small_orange_diamond: - a user-friendly HTTP client. :small_orange_diamond: - interactive cli tool for HTTP inspection. :small_orange_diamond: - simple Swiss Army knife for http/https troubleshooting and profiling. :small_orange_diamond: - visualizes curl statistics in a way of beauty and clarity. :small_orange_diamond: - is a text browser for the World Wide Web. :small_orange_diamond: - is an http load testing and benchmarking utility. :small_orange_diamond: - is a modern HTTP benchmarking tool capable of generating significant load. :small_orange_diamond: - fast cross-platform HTTP benchmarking tool written in Go. :small_orange_diamond: - http/https load testing and benchmarking tool. :small_orange_diamond: - free and open source directory/file & DNS busting tool written in Go.
SSL
:small_orange_diamond: - is a robust, commercial-grade, and full-featured toolkit for the TLS and SSL protocols. :small_orange_diamond: - client program to set up a TLS connection to some other computer. :small_orange_diamond: - fast and powerful SSL/TLS server scanning library. :small_orange_diamond: - tests SSL/TLS enabled services to discover supported cipher suites. :small_orange_diamond: - testing TLS/SSL encryption anywhere on any port. :small_orange_diamond: - is a utility for creating symmetrically encrypted and authenticated pipes between socket addresses. :small_orange_diamond: - is EFF's tool to obtain certs from Let's Encrypt and (optionally) auto-enable HTTPS on your server. :small_orange_diamond: - simple zero-config tool to make locally trusted development certificates with any names you'd like. :small_orange_diamond: - is a security and reconnaissance tool to automatically monitor new subdomains.
Security
:small_orange_diamond: - provides a flexible Mandatory Access Control (MAC) system built into the Linux kernel. :small_orange_diamond: - proactively protects the operating system and applications from external or internal threats.
Auditing Tools
:small_orange_diamond: - actively monitoring all aspects of system activity with file integrity monitoring. :small_orange_diamond: - provides a way to track security-relevant information on your system. :small_orange_diamond: - is a security tool that can be use both as a security audit and intrusion detection system. :small_orange_diamond: - battle-tested security tool for systems running Linux, macOS, or Unix-based operating system. :small_orange_diamond: - scripted Local Linux Enumeration & Privilege Escalation Checks. :small_orange_diamond: - scanner tool for Linux systems that scans backdoors, rootkits and local exploits on your systems. :small_orange_diamond: - is a light-weight tool that helps to detect malware running on the system.
System Diagnostics/Debuggers
:small_orange_diamond: - diagnostic, debugging and instructional userspace utility for Linux. :small_orange_diamond: - is a performance analysis and troubleshooting tool. :small_orange_diamond: - is a library call tracer, used to trace calls made by programs to library functions. :small_orange_diamond: - performance analysis tools based on Linux perf_events (aka perf) and ftrace. :small_orange_diamond: - system exploration and troubleshooting tool with first class support for containers. :small_orange_diamond: - is an instrumentation framework for building dynamic analysis tools. :small_orange_diamond: - cross-platform system monitoring tool written in Python. :small_orange_diamond: - interactive text-mode process viewer for Unix systems. It aims to be a better 'top'. :small_orange_diamond: - ASCII performance monitor. Includes statistics for CPU, memory, disk, swap, network, and processes. :small_orange_diamond: - displays in its output information about files that are opened by processes. :small_orange_diamond: - stack trace visualizer. :small_orange_diamond: - small utility to convert Unix lsof output to a graph showing FIFO and UNIX interprocess communication. :small_orange_diamond: - is a lightweight tool for recording, replaying and debugging execution of applications. :small_orange_diamond: - a system performance analysis toolkit. :small_orange_diamond: - a command-line hex viewer.
Log Analyzers
:small_orange_diamond: - slice and dice log files on the command line. :small_orange_diamond: - log file navigator with search and automatic refresh. :small_orange_diamond: - real-time web log analyzer and interactive viewer that runs in a terminal. :small_orange_diamond: - real-time metrics for nginx server.
Databases
:small_orange_diamond: - universal command-line interface for SQL databases. :small_orange_diamond: - postgres CLI with autocompletion and syntax highlighting. :small_orange_diamond: - terminal client for MySQL with autocompletion and syntax highlighting.
TOR
:small_orange_diamond: - script to make Tor Network your default gateway. :small_orange_diamond: - a tool that lets you create multiple TOR instances with a load-balancing.
Other
:small_orange_diamond: - is an inode-based filesystem notification technology. :small_orange_diamond: - is a terminal based interface for viewing Git repositories. :small_orange_diamond: - text-mode interface for Git. :small_orange_diamond: - simplified and community-driven man pages. :small_orange_diamond: - minimal CLI creator in JavaScript.
GUI Tools
Terminal emulators
:small_orange_diamond: - is a dropdown terminal made for the GNOME desktop environment. :small_orange_diamond: - is based on GNOME Terminal, useful features for sysadmins and other users. :small_orange_diamond: - is a GPU based terminal emulator that supports smooth scrolling and images.
Network
:small_orange_diamond: - is the world’s foremost and widely-used network protocol analyzer. :small_orange_diamond: - is a comprehensive network monitor tool. :small_orange_diamond: - is a graphical network monitoring solution.
Browsers
:small_orange_diamond: - protect your privacy and defend yourself against network surveillance and traffic analysis.
Password Managers
:small_orange_diamond: - store your passwords safely and auto-type them into your everyday websites and apps. :small_orange_diamond: - password manager and secure wallet.
Messengers/IRC Clients
:small_orange_diamond: - is an IRC client based on XChat. :small_orange_diamond: - is an easy to use and free chat client used by millions.
Messengers (end-to-end encryption)
:small_orange_diamond: - is an encrypted communications app. :small_orange_diamond: - secure messaging, file sharing, voice calls and video conferences. All protected with end-to-end encryption. :small_orange_diamond: - decentralized anonymous instant messenger on top of Tor Hidden Services.
Text editors
:small_orange_diamond: - is a lightweight, cross-platform code editor known for its speed, ease of use. :small_orange_diamond: - an open-source and free source code editor developed by Microsoft. :small_orange_diamond: - a hackable text editor for the 21st Century.
Web Tools
Browsers
:small_orange_diamond: - test your browser's SSL implementation. :small_orange_diamond: - provides up-to-date browser support tables for support of front-end web technologies. :small_orange_diamond: - is your browser safe against tracking? :small_orange_diamond: - see what data is exposed from your browser. :small_orange_diamond: - it's all about Web Browser fingerprinting. :small_orange_diamond: - was originally made to help a web server developer learn what real world TLS clients were capable of. :small_orange_diamond: - client test (incl TLSv1.3 information).
SSL/Security
:small_orange_diamond: - free online service performs a deep analysis of the configuration of any SSL web server. :small_orange_diamond: - free online service performs a deep analysis of the configuration of any SSL web server. :small_orange_diamond: - test SSL/TLS (PCI DSS, HIPAA and NIST). :small_orange_diamond: - ssl analyzer and ssl certificate checker. :small_orange_diamond: - scan your website for non-secure content. :small_orange_diamond: - test your TLS server configuration (e.g. ciphers). :small_orange_diamond: - service to scan and analyse websites. :small_orange_diamond: - monitoring security policies like CSP and HPKP. :small_orange_diamond: - allows developers and security experts to check if a Content Security Policy. :small_orange_diamond: - public list about CSP in some big players (might make them care a bit more). :small_orange_diamond: - list of the world's top 100 websites by Alexa rank not automatically redirecting insecure requests. :small_orange_diamond: - strong ciphers for Apache, Nginx, Lighttpd and more. :small_orange_diamond: - memorable site for testing clients against bad SSL configs. :small_orange_diamond: - registered for various tests regarding the TLS/SSL protocol. :small_orange_diamond: - repository of information about CAs, and their root and intermediate certificates. :small_orange_diamond: - real-time certificate transparency log update stream. :small_orange_diamond: - discovers certificates by continually monitoring all of the publicly known CT. :small_orange_diamond: - deploy the security standards. :small_orange_diamond: - test TLS cipher suite compatibility.
HTTP Headers & Web Linters
:small_orange_diamond: - analyse the HTTP response headers (with rating system to the results). :small_orange_diamond: - set of tools to analyze your website. :small_orange_diamond: - is a linting tool that will help you with your site's accessibility, speed, security and more.
DNS
:small_orange_diamond: - one source for free DNS related tools and information. :small_orange_diamond: - online investigation tool. :small_orange_diamond: - monitor, validate and verify your DNS configurations. :small_orange_diamond: - find subdomains for security assessment penetration test. :small_orange_diamond: - dns recon & research, find & lookup dns records. :small_orange_diamond: - search for DNS records by domain, IP, CIDR, ISP. :small_orange_diamond: - this site is responsible for the safekeeping of historical reverse DNS records. :small_orange_diamond: - wildcard DNS for everyone. :small_orange_diamond: - DNS and mail server health checker. :small_orange_diamond: - comprehensive DNS tester. :small_orange_diamond: - one of the best DNS propagation checker (and not only). :small_orange_diamond: - DNS propagation checking tool.
:small_orange_diamond: - all of your MX record, DNS, blacklist and SMTP diagnostics in one integrated tool. :small_orange_diamond: - checks to see if your domain is on a Real Time Spam Blacklist. :small_orange_diamond: - complete IP check for sending Mailservers. :small_orange_diamond: - checks mail authentication and scores messages with Spam Assassin.
Encoders/Decoders and Regex testing
:small_orange_diamond: - tool from above to either encode or decode a string of text. :small_orange_diamond: - the online translator for search queries on log data. :small_orange_diamond: - online regex tester and debugger: PHP, PCRE, Python, Golang and JavaScript. :small_orange_diamond: - online tool to learn, build, & test Regular Expressions (RegEx / RegExp). :small_orange_diamond: - online regex testing tool. :small_orange_diamond: - online regex testing tool + other tools. :small_orange_diamond: - The Cyber Swiss Army Knife - a web app for encryption, encoding, compression and data analysis.
Net-tools
:small_orange_diamond: - detailed report about the site, helping you to make informed choices about their integrity. :small_orange_diamond: - not-for-profit membership association, a Regional Internet Registry and the secretariat for the RIPE. :small_orange_diamond: - uses various sources to gather public information about IP numbers, domain names, host names, routes etc. :small_orange_diamond: - APIs for Security Companies, Researchers and Teams. :small_orange_diamond: - curl test, analyze HTTP Response Headers. :small_orange_diamond: - online Ping, Traceroute, DNS lookup, WHOIS and others. :small_orange_diamond: - network tools for webmasters, IT technicians & geeks. :small_orange_diamond: - provides online communication tools for people and groups working on liberatory social change. :small_orange_diamond: - analyze suspicious files and URLs to detect types of malware.
Privacy
:small_orange_diamond: - provides knowledge and tools to protect your privacy against global mass surveillance. :small_orange_diamond: - DNS privacy recursive servers list (with a 'no logging' policy).
Code parsers/playgrounds
:small_orange_diamond: - finds bugs in your shell scripts. :small_orange_diamond: - get interactive help texts for shell commands. :small_orange_diamond: - live pastebin for HTML, CSS & JavaScript and more. :small_orange_diamond: - a social development environment for front-end designers and developers. :small_orange_diamond: - online code editor for web application development. Supports React, Vue, Angular, CxJS, Dojo, etc. :small_orange_diamond: - test your PHP code with this code tester. :small_orange_diamond: - an instant IDE to learn, build, collaborate, and host all in one place.
Performance
:small_orange_diamond: - analyze your site’s speed and make it faster. :small_orange_diamond: - test here the performance of any of your sites from across the globe. :small_orange_diamond: - analyze your site’s speed around the world. :small_orange_diamond: - run website latency tests across multiple geographic regions. :small_orange_diamond: - analyze your site’s speed and make it faster. :small_orange_diamond: - helps developers like you learn and apply the web's modern capabilities to your own sites and apps.
Mass scanners (search engines)
:small_orange_diamond: - platform that helps information security practitioners discover, monitor, and analyze devices. :small_orange_diamond: - the world's first search engine for Internet-connected devices. :small_orange_diamond: - do you use Shodan for everyday work? This tool looks for randomly generated data from Shodan. :small_orange_diamond: - mass scanner such as Shodan and Censys. :small_orange_diamond: - search engine for cyberspace that lets the user find specific network components. :small_orange_diamond: - is a cyberspace search engine. :small_orange_diamond: - is a search engine for open-source and cyber threat intelligence data collected. :small_orange_diamond: - it scan the entire internet space and create real-time threat intelligence streams and reports. :small_orange_diamond: - lets you find email addresses in seconds and connect with the people that matter for your business. :small_orange_diamond: - is a submission-based catalog of wireless networks. All the networks. Found by Everyone. :small_orange_diamond: - find any alphanumeric snippet, signature or keyword in the web pages HTML, JS and CSS code. :small_orange_diamond: - this repository contains hundreds of online search utilities. :small_orange_diamond: - search by full email address or username. :small_orange_diamond: - database with public search for Open Amazon S3 Buckets and their contents. :small_orange_diamond: - the breached database directory. :small_orange_diamond: - was my email affected by data breach? :small_orange_diamond: - find out what websites are built with. :small_orange_diamond: - if a target has an open FTP site with accessible content it will be listed here. :small_orange_diamond: - contains great stuff like: security, hacking, reverse engineering, cryptography, programming etc. :small_orange_diamond: - focused on gathering information from free tools or resources. :small_orange_diamond: - is the place to find the person behind the email address, social username or phone number. :small_orange_diamond: - is operated by a random swiss guy fighting malware for non-profit.
Passwords
:small_orange_diamond: - list of 1.4 billion accounts circulates around the Internet. :small_orange_diamond: - check if you have an account that has been compromised in a data breach.
CVE/Exploits databases
:small_orange_diamond: - list of publicly known cybersecurity vulnerabilities. :small_orange_diamond: - CVE security vulnerability advanced database. :small_orange_diamond: - CVE compliant archive of public exploits and corresponding vulnerable software. :small_orange_diamond: - exploits market provides you the possibility to buy zero-day exploits and also to sell 0day exploits. :small_orange_diamond: - the exploit and tools database. :small_orange_diamond: - free vulnerability database.
Mobile apps scanners
:small_orange_diamond: - test security and privacy of mobile apps (iOS & Android). :small_orange_diamond: - free Mobile App Vulnerability Scanner for Android & iOS. :small_orange_diamond: - analyzes mobile application to identify vulnerabilities and potential weaknesses.
Private Search Engines
:small_orange_diamond: - the world's most private search engine. :small_orange_diamond: - a privacy-respecting, hackable metasearch engine.
Secure WebMail Providers
:small_orange_diamond: - is a secure and easy to use online email service, designed to provide maximum security and privacy. :small_orange_diamond: - is a Tor Hidden Service that allows anyone to send and receive emails anonymously. :small_orange_diamond: - is the world's most secure email service and amazingly easy to use. :small_orange_diamond: - is the world's largest secure email service, developed by CERN and MIT scientists. :small_orange_diamond: - private & encrypted email made easy.
Crypto
:small_orange_diamond: - it's open source and powered by public-key cryptography.
PGP Keyservers
:small_orange_diamond: - includes a highly-efficient reconciliation algorithm for keeping the keyservers synchronized.
Other
:small_orange_diamond: - generate fake faces in one click - endless possibilities.
Systems/Services
Operating Systems
:small_orange_diamond: - the most "Unix-like" Linux distribution. :small_orange_diamond: - multi-platform 4.4BSD-based UNIX-like operating system. :small_orange_diamond: - HardenedBSD aims to implement innovative exploit mitigation and security solutions. :small_orange_diamond: - Linux distribution used for Penetration Testing, Ethical Hacking and network security assessments. :small_orange_diamond: - penetration test and security assessment oriented Ubuntu-based Linux distribution. :small_orange_diamond: - is an Arch Linux-based penetration testing distribution for penetration testers and security researchers. :small_orange_diamond: - Linux distro for intrusion detection, enterprise security monitoring, and log management. :small_orange_diamond: - is a live system that aims to preserve your privacy and anonymity.
HTTP(s) Services
:small_orange_diamond: - HTTP accelerator designed for content-heavy dynamic web sites. :small_orange_diamond: - open source web and reverse proxy server that is similar to Apache, but very light weight. :small_orange_diamond: - the reliable, high performance TCP/HTTP load balancer.
Security/hardening
:small_orange_diamond: - seattle-based encrypted-transit internet service provider. :small_orange_diamond: - validating, recursive, and caching DNS resolver (with TLS). :small_orange_diamond: - caching full resolver implementation, including both a resolver library and a daemon. :small_orange_diamond: - the Pi-hole® is a DNS sinkhole that protects your devices from unwanted content. :small_orange_diamond: - malicious traffic detection system. :small_orange_diamond: - monitors AWS, GCP, OpenStack, and GitHub orgs for assets and their changes over time.
Networks
Tools
:small_orange_diamond: - web visual tool to analyze large amounts of captured network traffic (PCAP analyzer).
Labs
:small_orange_diamond: - learn automation by doing it. Right now, right here, in your browser.
Manuals/Howtos/Tutorials
Shells/Command line
:small_orange_diamond: - a collection of pure bash alternatives to external processes. :small_orange_diamond: - hold documentation of any kind about GNU Bash. :small_orange_diamond: - describes the commands and utilities offered to application programs by POSIX-conformant systems. :small_orange_diamond: - master the command line, in one page. :small_orange_diamond: - a shell style guide for Google-originated open-source projects.
Python
:small_orange_diamond: - a curated list of awesome Python frameworks, libraries, software and resources. :small_orange_diamond: - comprehensive Python cheatsheet.
Sed & Awk & Other
:small_orange_diamond: - advanced sed and awk usage (Parsing for Pentesters 3).
*nix & Network
:small_orange_diamond: - linux and unix tutorials for new and seasoned sysadmin. :small_orange_diamond: - the ideal Linux blog for Sysadmins & Geeks. :small_orange_diamond: - free Networking, System Administration and Security tutorials. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of Unix/Linux/BSD commands and tasks which are useful for IT work or for advanced users. :small_orange_diamond: - tutorials on system administration in Fedora® and CentOS®, including OpenLDAP and FreeIPA. :small_orange_diamond: - a detailed document explaining and documenting HTTP/2. :small_orange_diamond: - a document describing the HTTP/3 and QUIC protocols.
Large-scale systems
:small_orange_diamond: - learn how to design large-scale systems. :small_orange_diamond: - best practices in building High Scalability, High Availability, High Stability and more.
System hardening
:small_orange_diamond: - are secure configuration settings for over 100 technologies, available as a free PDF download. :small_orange_diamond: - are the configuration standards for DOD IA and IA-enabled devices/systems. :small_orange_diamond: - this walks you through the steps required to security harden CentOS. :small_orange_diamond: - great guide for hardening CentOS; familiar with OpenSCAP.
Security & Privacy
:small_orange_diamond: - LRaj Chandel's Security & Hacking Blog. :small_orange_diamond: - make your AWS cloud environment more secure. :small_orange_diamond: - an inventory of tools and resources about CyberSecurity. :small_orange_diamond: - every byte of a TLS connection explained and reproduced. :small_orange_diamond: - SSL and TLS Deployment Best Practices by SSL Labs. :small_orange_diamond: - everything you should know about certificates and PKI but are too afraid to ask. :small_orange_diamond: - a reference for subdomain enumeration techniques. :small_orange_diamond: - the comprehensive guide to quitting Google.
Web Apps
:small_orange_diamond: - worldwide not-for-profit charitable organization focused on improving the security of software. :small_orange_diamond: - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard Project. :small_orange_diamond: - simple web app that helps developers understand the ASVS requirements. :small_orange_diamond: - is a list of application security requirements or tests. :small_orange_diamond: - includes a "best practice" penetration testing framework. :small_orange_diamond: - help operational teams with creating secure web applications. :small_orange_diamond: - enable cross-origin resource sharing. :small_orange_diamond: - is an initiative to provide all application security related resources at one place. :small_orange_diamond: - reverse proxy related attacks; it is a result of analysis of various reverse proxies, cache proxies, etc. :small_orange_diamond: - great series about malicious payloads. :small_orange_diamond: - show you how to compromise websites by using esoteric web features. :small_orange_diamond: - as a source of sensitive information about web application. :small_orange_diamond: - this paper will take a close look at cookie security.
Other
:small_orange_diamond: - the steps below could be followed to find vulnerabilities and exploits. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of some hints and useful links for the beginners. :small_orange_diamond: - all cheat sheets. :small_orange_diamond: - massive cheat sheets documentation. :small_orange_diamond: - this is a modest collection of cheatsheets. :small_orange_diamond: - it's time for web servers to handle ten thousand clients simultaneously, don't you think? :small_orange_diamond: - when companies say they have "Bank Grade Security" they imply that it is a good thing.* :small_orange_diamond: - this is the story of a long journey regarding the implementation of SSL. :small_orange_diamond: - some drawings about programming and unix world, zines about systems & debugging tools. :small_orange_diamond: - this great repository is focused on hash collisions exploitation. :small_orange_diamond: - after 3072 hours of manipulating BGP, Job Snijders has succeeded in drawing a Nyancat. :small_orange_diamond: - great tutorial explain how HTTPS works in the real world. :small_orange_diamond: - how we spent two weeks hunting an NFS bug in the Linux kernel. :small_orange_diamond: - if you want to be a hacker, keep reading. :small_orange_diamond: - an infographics which should help to estimate costs of certain operations in CPU clocks.
Inspiring Lists
SysOps/DevOps
:small_orange_diamond: - amazingly awesome open source sysadmin resources. :small_orange_diamond: - awesome command-line frameworks, toolkits, guides and gizmos. :small_orange_diamond: - from finding text to search and replace, from sorting to beautifying text and more. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of tools developed by other researchers to process network traces. :small_orange_diamond: - learn where some of the network sysctl variables fit into the Linux/Kernel network flow. :small_orange_diamond: - list of awesome PostgreSQL software, libraries, tools and resources. :small_orange_diamond: - list of Free Software network services and web applications which can be hosted locally. :small_orange_diamond: - bootstrap Kubernetes the hard way on Google Cloud Platform. No scripts. :small_orange_diamond: - huge collection of applications sorted by category, as a reference for those looking for packages.
Developers
:small_orange_diamond: - the perfect Front-End Checklist for modern websites and meticulous developers. :small_orange_diamond: - what are magic methods? They're everything in object-oriented Python. :small_orange_diamond: - a collection of surprising Python snippets and lesser-known features.
Security/Pentesting
:small_orange_diamond: - a curated list of Web Security materials and resources. :small_orange_diamond: - a curated list of hacking environments where you can train your cyber skills. :small_orange_diamond: - a collection of open source and commercial tools that aid in red team operations. :small_orange_diamond: - a curated list of amazingly awesome Burp Extensions. :small_orange_diamond: - list of a Free Security and Hacking eBooks. :small_orange_diamond: - list of awesome reverse engineering resources. :small_orange_diamond: - a curated list of awesome web-app firewall (WAF) stuff. :small_orange_diamond: - list of movies every hacker & cyberpunk must watch. :small_orange_diamond: - IT whitepapers; hacking, web app security, db, reverse engineering and more; EN/PL.
Blogs
Geeky Persons
:small_orange_diamond: - Brendan Gregg is an industry expert in computing performance and cloud computing. :small_orange_diamond: - Gynvael is a IT security engineer at Google. :small_orange_diamond: - "white hat" hacker, computer security expert. :small_orange_diamond: - developer, Sysadmin, Blogger, Podcaster and Public Speaker. :small_orange_diamond: - Software Developer and Systems Administrator for Stack Exchange. :small_orange_diamond: - IT security Expert. :small_orange_diamond: - Security Researcher, international speaker and founder of securityheaders.com and report-uri.com. :small_orange_diamond: - Linux Evangelist. Malwares. Kernel Dev. Security Enthusiast. :small_orange_diamond: - Detection Engineer at ESET. :small_orange_diamond: - Microsoft Regional Director and Microsoft Most Valuable Professional for Developer Security. :small_orange_diamond: - Linux/Unix Sysadmin specializing in building high availability cloud environments.
Geeky Blogs
:small_orange_diamond: - the Linux security blog about Auditing, Hardening and Compliance by Michael Boelen. :small_orange_diamond: - trainings, howtos, checklists, security tools and more. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of useful incantations for wizards, be you computer wizards, magicians, or whatever. :small_orange_diamond: - about web app security vulns and top tips from our team of web security.
A piece of history
:small_orange_diamond: - how to configure modems, scan images, record CD-ROMs, and other useful techniques.
Hacking/Penetration Testing
Pentesters arsenal tools
:small_orange_diamond: - a penetration-oriented browser with plenty of advanced functionality already built in. :small_orange_diamond: - tool and framework for pentesting system, web and many more, contains a lot a ready to use exploit. :small_orange_diamond: - tool for testing Web application security, intercepting proxy to replay, inject, scan and fuzz HTTP requests. :small_orange_diamond: - intercepting proxy to replay, inject, scan and fuzz HTTP requests. :small_orange_diamond: - is a Web Application Attack and Audit Framework. :small_orange_diamond: - an interactive TLS-capable intercepting HTTP proxy for penetration testers and software developers. :small_orange_diamond: - web server scanner which performs comprehensive tests against web servers for multiple items. :small_orange_diamond: - tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws. :small_orange_diamond: - an Integrated Multiuser Pentest Environment. :small_orange_diamond: - incredibly fast crawler designed for OSINT. :small_orange_diamond: - most advanced XSS detection suite. :small_orange_diamond: - is a fast password cracker, currently available for many flavors of Unix, Windows, and other. :small_orange_diamond: - world's fastest and most advanced password recovery utility. :small_orange_diamond: - is a tool to identify the players behind any incidental TCP/IP communications. :small_orange_diamond: - is a full-featured Web Reconnaissance framework written in Python. :small_orange_diamond: - searchable archive from The Exploit Database. :small_orange_diamond: - some setup scripts for security research tools. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of small security tools created mostly in Python. CTFs, pentests and so on. :small_orange_diamond: - dictionary of attack patterns and primitives for black-box application fault injection and resource discovery. :small_orange_diamond: - is an unsupervised, coverage-guided kernel fuzzer. :small_orange_diamond: - Python Exploit Development Assistance for GDB. :small_orange_diamond: - multi-processor disassembler and debugger useful for reverse engineering malware. :small_orange_diamond: - framework for reverse-engineering and analyzing binaries. :small_orange_diamond: - open-source pentesting management and automation platform by Salesforce Product Security. :small_orange_diamond: - is a graphical tool for custom wordlist generation.
Pentests bookmarks collection
:small_orange_diamond: - the penetration testing execution standard. :small_orange_diamond: - amazing mind map with vulnerable apps and systems. :small_orange_diamond: - incredible mind map for WebApps security tests. :small_orange_diamond: - master the art of Cross Site Scripting. :small_orange_diamond: - security bookmarks collection, all that things I need to pass OSCP. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of the cheat sheets useful for pentesting. :small_orange_diamond: - awesome lists for hackers, pentesters and security researchers. :small_orange_diamond: - a curated list of awesome hacking tutorials, tools and resources. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of hacking/penetration testing resources to make you better. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of awesome penetration testing resources, tools and other shiny things. :small_orange_diamond: - author hacking and pentesting notes. :small_orange_diamond: - includes thousands of cybersecurity-related references and resources. :small_orange_diamond: - there are a LOT of pentesting blogs. :small_orange_diamond: - a list of useful payloads and bypass for Web Application Security and Pentest/CTF. :small_orange_diamond: - git all the Payloads! A collection of web attack payloads. :small_orange_diamond: - a quick reference high level overview for typical penetration testing engagements. :small_orange_diamond: - great stuff from DEFCON. :small_orange_diamond: - a curated list of awesome malware analysis tools and resources. :small_orange_diamond: - detailed technical information about the many different variants of the SQL Injection. :small_orange_diamond: - great and detailed reference about vulnerabilities. :small_orange_diamond: - a collection of HTML5 related XSS attack vectors. :small_orange_diamond: - for generating XSS code to check your input validation filters against XSS. :small_orange_diamond: - list of Unix binaries that can be exploited by an attacker to bypass local security restrictions. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of security, system, network and pentest cheatsheets. :small_orange_diamond: - a collection of SSRF Tips. :small_orange_diamond: - great archive of CTFs. :small_orange_diamond: - CTF (Capture The Flag) writeups, code snippets, notes, scripts. :small_orange_diamond: - The Mobile Security Testing Guide (MSTG) is a comprehensive manual for mobile app security testing.
Wordlists and Weak passwords
:small_orange_diamond: - for any kind of bruteforce find wordlists or unleash the power of them all at once! :small_orange_diamond: - is a free online hash resolving service incorporating many unparalleled techniques. :small_orange_diamond: - collection of multiple types of lists used during security assessments, collected in one place. :small_orange_diamond: - sorted by probability originally created for password generation and testing. :small_orange_diamond: - password dictionaries and leaked passwords repository. :small_orange_diamond: - official dictionary created by the team on the forum bezpieka.org.*
- European bug bounty platform based on the legislation and rules in force in European countries. :small_orange_diamond: - allows any security researcher reporting a vulnerability on any website. :small_orange_diamond: - global hacker community to surface the most relevant security issues. :small_orange_diamond: - crowdsourced cybersecurity for the enterprise. :small_orange_diamond: - crowdsourced security & bug bounty management. :small_orange_diamond: - crowdsourced security & bug bounty programs, crowd security intelligence platform and more. :small_orange_diamond: - bug bounty platform. :small_orange_diamond: - bug bounty platform with infosec jobs.
Web Training Apps (local installation)
:small_orange_diamond: - comprehensive and well maintained registry of all known vulnerable web applications. :small_orange_diamond: - vulnerable web application amongst security researchers. :small_orange_diamond: - PHP/MySQL web application that is damn vulnerable. :small_orange_diamond: - free, open source, deliberately vulnerable web-application. :small_orange_diamond: - the most bug-free vulnerable application in existence. :small_orange_diamond: - insecure web application maintained by OWASP designed to teach web app security. :small_orange_diamond: - open source application security training program. :small_orange_diamond: - a modern vulnerable web app. :small_orange_diamond: - damn vulnerable NodeJS application. :small_orange_diamond: - web application exploits and defenses. :small_orange_diamond: - is a playground focused on learning the exploitation of client-side web vulnerabilities. :small_orange_diamond: - single vm lab with the purpose of combining several vulnerable appliations in one environment.
Labs (ethical hacking platforms/trainings/CTFs)
:small_orange_diamond: - true performance-based penetration testing training for over a decade. :small_orange_diamond: - online platform allowing you to test your penetration testing skills. :small_orange_diamond: - online ethical hacking, computer network and security challenge platform. :small_orange_diamond: - non-commercial wargame site which provides various pwn challenges regarding system exploitation. :small_orange_diamond: - is a wargame site for hackers to test and expand their binary exploiting skills. :small_orange_diamond: - is a free computer security game targeted at middle and high school students. :small_orange_diamond: - is an online platform built to help ethical hackers learn and practice their cybersecurity knowledge and skills. :small_orange_diamond: - high quality security testing services. :small_orange_diamond: - pentest lab, take your Hacking skills to the next level. :small_orange_diamond: - the fast, easy, and affordable way to train your hacking skills. :small_orange_diamond: - a great platform to train your pentesting skills. :small_orange_diamond: - learning Cyber Security made easy. :small_orange_diamond: - is a realistic web application hacking game, designed to help players of all abilities develop their skills. :small_orange_diamond: - it's full of nasty app sec holes. :small_orange_diamond: - can help you to learn and practice security concepts in the form of fun-filled games. :small_orange_diamond: - is an online Penetration Testing Lab. :small_orange_diamond: - provides vulnerable systems that can be used to test and understand vulnerabilities. :small_orange_diamond: - tons of challenges designed to test and improve your hacking skills. :small_orange_diamond: - preconfigured lab environments. :small_orange_diamond: - emulate IT infrastructures of real companies for legal pen testing and improving penetration testing skills. :small_orange_diamond: - reversal challenges done in the web interface. :small_orange_diamond: - download crackmes to help improve your reverse engineering skills.
Other resources
:small_orange_diamond: - open source education content for the researcher community. :small_orange_diamond: - a list of resources and scripts that I have been gathering in preparation for the OSCP. :small_orange_diamond: - test your web apps with real-world examples (two-part series).
Your daily knowledge and news
RSS Readers
:small_orange_diamond: - organize, read and share what matters to you. :small_orange_diamond: - similar to feedly with a support for filtering what you fetch from rss.
IRC Channels
:small_orange_diamond: - hackerspace IRC channels.
Security
:small_orange_diamond: - leading news source dedicated to promoting awareness for security experts and hackers. :small_orange_diamond: - provides the latest hacking news, exploits and vulnerabilities for ethical hackers. :small_orange_diamond: - security news as a weekly digest (email notifications). :small_orange_diamond: - the latest news and insights from Google on security and safety on the Internet. :small_orange_diamond: - expert network security guidance and news. :small_orange_diamond: - connecting the Information Security Community. :small_orange_diamond: - latest hacking tools, hacker news, cybersecurity best practices, ethical hacking & pen-testing. :small_orange_diamond: - public disclosure watcher who keeps you up to date about the recently disclosed bugs. :small_orange_diamond: - a subreddit dedicated to hacking and hackers. :small_orange_diamond: - information security services, news, files, tools, exploits, advisories and whitepapers. :small_orange_diamond: - about security, penetration tests, vulnerabilities and many others (PL/EN). :small_orange_diamond: - basic aspects and mechanisms of Linux operating system security (PL).
Other Cheat Sheets
:small_orange_diamond: - a validating, recursive, and caching DNS server. :small_orange_diamond: - how to get faster and more secure DNS resolution with Knot Resolver on Fedora. :small_orange_diamond: - tutorial to setup your own DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) server. :small_orange_diamond: - how (and why) i run my own DNS Servers.
:small_orange_diamond: - build your own certificate authority (CA) using the OpenSSL command-line tools.
:small_orange_diamond: - how to create an OS from scratch. :small_orange_diamond: - how to write your own virtual machine (VM).
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